What does the process of cytokinesis accomplish?

by

What does the process of cytokinesis accomplish?

Cytokinesis. Cytokinesis is the second part of the mitotic phase during which cell division is completed by the physical separation of the cytoplasmic components into two daughter cells

How is cytokinesis accomplished in plant and animal cells?

Answer. Cytokinesis in animal cells is accomplished by constriction of the cell along the plane of cell division (formation of a cleavage furrow). In plant cells, which have cell walls, a completely different mechanism of cytokinesis has evolved.

What is cytokinesis called in plants?

Cytokinesis in plant cells These are known as the phragmoplasts. Phragmoplasts are vesicular spindle microtubules formed by Golgi vesicles during telophase on the metaphase plate, carrying vesicles and cellular elements such as cellulose to the new cell wall.

How does cytokinesis occur in a plant cell quizlet?

Animal cells have a flexible cell membrane that can split easily. Plant cells have a cell wall which cannot split easily. How does an animal cell undergo cytokinesis? The cell membrane pinches together and the cell splits in half

What does cytokinesis accomplished?

Cytokinesis is a physical process of cell division, that normally takes place after mitosis. Cytokinesis is the physical division of the cell cytoplasm, the cell membrane, and cell organelles in eukaryotic cells to produce two distinct cells at the end of the cell cycle in both mitosis and meiosis

How is cytokinesis accomplished in animal cells?

Cytokinesis in animal cells is accomplished via a cleavage furrow, an indentation of the plasma membrane of the dividing cell when grows deeper and deeper until it x26quot;pinchesx26quot; the cell into two halves.

How is cytokinesis accomplished in plant cells?

Cytokinesis occurs by a special mechanism in higher-plant cellsu2014in which the cytoplasm is partitioned by the construction of a new cell wall, the cell plate, inside the cell. The position of the cell plate is determined by the position of a preprophase band of microtubules and actin filaments.

What is cytokinesis how is it accomplished in animal cells?

In animal cells cytokinesis is achieved through the constriction of the cell by a ring of contractile microfilaments consisting of actin and myosin, the proteins involved in muscle contraction and other forms of cell movement.

How is the process of cytokinesis different in plant and animal cells?

The key difference between plant and animal cytokinesis is that in plant cells, cytokinesis occurs through the formation of a cell plate while in animal cells cytokinesis occurs through the formation of a cleavage furrow.

Is there cytokinesis in plants?

Cytokinesis occurs by a special mechanism in higher-plant cellsu2014in which the cytoplasm is partitioned by the construction of a new cell wall, the cell plate, inside the cell. The position of the cell plate is determined by the position of a preprophase band of microtubules and actin filaments.

What does cytokinesis do in a plant cell?

Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division. In both animal and plant cells, the two daughter cells are partitioned off to form a new membrane and complete the cell division of two identical daughter cells, each with one nucleus

What type of cytokinesis is plant or animal?

The cytoplasmic division of a plant cell is referred to as plant cytokinesis. The cytoplasmic division of an animal cell is referred to as animal cytokinesis. The cells are divided by the formation of a cell plate in the middle of the mother cell.

How is cytokinesis the same in plant and animal cells?

What are the Similarities Between Plant and Animal Cytokinesis? Plant and animal cytokinesis occur after the telophase of the nuclear division. Also, both processes divide the parent cytoplasm into two halves in order to produce two daughter cells

How does cytokinesis occur in a plant cell?

Cytokinesis occurs by a special mechanism in higher-plant cellsu2014in which the cytoplasm is partitioned by the construction of a new cell wall, the cell plate, inside the cell. The position of the cell plate is determined by the position of a preprophase band of microtubules and actin filaments.

How does cytokinesis occur in an animal cell quizlet?

In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a process known as cleavage. An appearance of a cleavage furrow occurs on the old metaphase plate which has a contractile ring of actin microfilaments that interacts with protein myosin molecules. The cleavage furrow deepens until the parent cell splits into two.

What is cytokinesis and when does it occur quizlet?

A. What is cytokinesis and when does it occur? Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm and occurs at the end of cell division

What occurs in cytokinesis quizlet?

What happens during cytokinesis? The cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two new cells.

Why does NH3 have a higher boiling point than CH4?

by

Why does NH3 have a higher boiling point than CH4?

The intermolecular attractive forces occurring in, CH4 are only London dispersion forces. Hydrogen-bonding attractive forces are stronger forces compared to dispersion forces when atoms are in the second period. Therefore, NH3 has a higher boiling point compared to CH4.

Why is NH3 the one with the highest boiling point?

Ammonia could form only ‘three’ hydrogen bond per molecule. So, due to strong hydrogen bonds, more energy (heat) is required to boil water. Due high electronegativity of nitrogen then chlorine, bond between Nu2212H is stronger than bond between Hu2212Cl. That is why boiling point of NH3 is more than HCl.

Which has higher melting point NH3 or CH4?

Explain your answer. NH3 is highest because the N-H bonds give it Hydrogen Bonding Intermolecular Forces. CH4 has neither of those. It only has London Dispersion forces which are weak.

Why does NH3 have a higher boiling point than h2s or CH4?

Therefore the strongest intermolecular forces between CH4 molecules are Van der Waals forces. Hydrogen bond are stronger than Van der Waals forces therefore both NH3 and H2O will have higher boiling points than CH4.

What has a higher boiling point NH3 or CH4?

Hydrogen bond are stronger than Van der Waals forces therefore both NH3 and H2O will have higher boiling points than CH4.

Which has stronger intermolecular forces NH3 or CH4?

NH3 has the same number of electrons as CH4, but it is polar (4 clouds but one lone pair) and has hydrogen bonding forces acting between its molecules, so it clearly has greater IM forces than CH4.

Does NH3 have a high boiling point?

Xenon has the highest boiling point.

Which has the highest boiling point and why?

H2O has a higher boiling point than NH3 because (i) the H-bonds are stronger and (ii) it contains twice as many H-bonds. H2O has a higher boiling point than HF because it contains twice as many H- bonds, despite these being individually weaker.

Why do H2O NH3 and HF have the highest boiling point?

The stronger is the hydrogen bonding, the higher is the boiling point. Thus, water has the highest boiling point among NH3,PH3,HCl, and H2O.

Does NH3 or CH4 have a higher boiling point?

Hydrogen bond are stronger than Van der Waals forces therefore both NH3 and H2O will have higher boiling points than CH4.

Which has the lowest boiling point CH4 or NH3?

1 Expert Answer The one with the weakest IMF will have the lowest boiling point. CH4 has only dispersion forces while all the others have dispersion PLUS either dipole-dipole (HCl, H2S, NH3), and/or hydrogen bonding (NH3). So, CH4 will have the lowest boiling point

What is the main reason that NH3 has a higher boiling point than CH4 is that NH3?

NH3 has a higher boiling point than CH4 because it is capable of hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen bonds result in more energy being necessary to break the atoms apart from one another so that they may enter the gas phase.

Does CH4 have high melting point?

Methane is lighter than air, having a specific gravity of 0.554. It is only slightly soluble in water. It burns readily in air, forming carbon dioxide and water vapour; the flame is pale, slightly luminous, and very hot. The boiling point of methane is u2212162 xb0C (u2212259.6 xb0F) and the melting point is u2212182.5 xb0C (u2212296.5 xb0F)

Why does NH3 have a higher boiling point than H2S?

The intermolecular attractive forces occurring in, CH4 are only London dispersion forces. Hydrogen-bonding attractive forces are stronger forces compared to dispersion forces when atoms are in the second period. Therefore, NH3 has a higher boiling point compared to CH4.

Why does NH3 have higher boiling point?

Comparison of the molecules to the Boiling Points The high boiling points of H2O and NH3 compared to that of H2S are due to hydrogen bonding, which is a stronger intermolecular force.

Why does H2S have a higher boiling point than CH4?

NH3 molecules makes strong intermolecular H bonding b/w themselves. But due to lesser electronegativity of larger PH3 molecules, they cannot form Hydrogen Bonding b/w themselves. In NH3, there is hydrogen bonding whereas in PH3 there is no hydrogen bonding. Therefore, the NH3 has higher boiling point than PH3.

Is CH4 the highest boiling point?

1 Expert Answer The one with the weakest IMF will have the lowest boiling point. CH4 has only dispersion forces while all the others have dispersion PLUS either dipole-dipole (HCl, H2S, NH3), and/or hydrogen bonding (NH3). So, CH4 will have the lowest boiling point

Which has the highest boiling point H2O NH3 CH4?

NH3 has a higher boiling point than CH4 because it is capable of hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen bonds result in more energy being necessary to break the atoms apart from one another so that they may enter the gas phase.

Does CH4 or NH3 have stronger intermolecular forces?

Therefore the strongest intermolecular forces between CH4 molecules are Van der Waals forces. Hydrogen bond are stronger than Van der Waals forces therefore both NH3 and H2O will have higher boiling points than CH4.

What intermolecular force is in CH4?

London dispersion forces

Does NH3 have high intermolecular forces?

u2022 Yes, it is true, hydrogen bonding is strongest intermolecular forces compare with all. In case of nh3, (N-H bonds makes between molecules) and dipole dipole interaction (interaction between two dipole) and london dispersion forces occur between nh3 molecules.

What is the intermolecular force of NH3?

London dispersion and hydrogen bonds.

Does NH3 have a high or low boiling point?

NH3 molecules makes strong intermolecular H bonding b/w themselves. But due to lesser electronegativity of larger PH3 molecules, they cannot form Hydrogen Bonding b/w themselves. In NH3, there is hydrogen bonding whereas in PH3 there is no hydrogen bonding. Therefore, the NH3 has higher boiling point than PH3.

Why NH3 has low boiling point?

Boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius, while boiling point of ammonia is minus 33 degrees Celsius, 133 dregree comes the difference. Due to strong hydrogen bonds in ammonia, more energy (heat) is required to boil water.

Why NH3 has high melting point and boiling point?

Due to less hydrogen bonding in ammonia, it has a lower boiling point than water.

Overview of Database Management System Long Answer Type Questions Part 2

by

Overview of Database Management System Long Answer Type Questions Part 2

Question 1.
Explain the differences between File Based System and DBMS.
Answer:
The following are the differences between file system and DBMS.

File System DBMS
1. A file management system is an abstraction to store, retrieve, management and update a set of files. 1. DBMS is a collection of inter-related data and a set of programs to access those data.
2. In file system approach, each user defines and implements the needed files for a specific application to run. The fundamental characteristic of database approach is that the database system not only contains data’s but it contains complete definition or description of the database structure and constraints.
3. File system doesn’t allow sharing of data or data sharing is very complex. In DBMS data can be shared very easily due to centralized system.
4. When data is redundant, it is difficult to update. In DBMS, as there is no or less data redundancy, data remains consistent.
5. In conventional file system, if we want to search, retrieve, access some data item, it becomes very difficult because in file system for every operation we have to make different programs. In DBMS searching/ retrieval/accessing of data item is very easy and user- friendly because searching and querying operations are already available in the  system.
6. In file system there is no standard format of data or we can say data is scattered in various formats or files which also make data retrieval difficult. 6. In DBMS, due to centralized system the format of similar type of data remains same.
7. The value of data in database must follow or satisfy some rules or consistency constraints. 7. DBMS maintains the data integrity by enforcing the constraints by adding appropriate code.
8. In file system there is no or very less security. General security provided by file system are locks, guards etc. 8.            DBMS have high level security like encryption, passwords, biometric security (finger print matching, face and voice detection etc) etc.
9. Automatically means a transaction must be all- or-nothing i.e., the transaction must either fully happen, or not happen at all. It must not complete partially. 9. Transaction atomicity is a special feature of DBMS. In DBMS either a transaction completed fully or none of the action is performed, For this, DBMS maintains the transaction log in which intermediate values are stored.
10. Any multi-user database application has to have some method for dealing with concurrent access to. data-when more than one user is accessing the same data at the same time. 10. DBMS along with an appropriate application provides safety towards concurrent access.

Question 2.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of DBMS?
Answer:
DBMS is a collection of programs that enables user to create and maintain a database. In other words it is general- purpose software that provides the users with the processes of defining, constructing and manipulating the database for various applications.

Advantages of DBMS:
1. Controlling Data Redundancy: If database have more than one records of same type then it is called data redundancy. In DBMS, all data is stored in one single database file and that recorded data is placed in the database.

2. Data Sharing: Data can be shared by authorized users of the organization among multiple users. Many users can be authorized to access the same data simultaneously. The remote users also can share the same data.

3. Enforcing Data Integrity: In database approach, data integrity is much easier. In database, data is stored in the tables. A single database contains multiple tables which is easy to retrieve and update the data.

4. Data Security: Data security is the protection of the database from unauthorized access. The DBMS ensures access of the database through authorized channel. To ensure security, DBMS provides security such as by giving user name and passwords.

5. Ease of application development: The programmer needs to develop applications according to user specification. The other issues such as data integrity, security etc are handled by DBMS itself which makes application development easier.

6. Multiple user interfaces’ DBMS provides different types of user interfaces such as application program interfaces, graphical user interfaces which includes form style and menu driven interfaces. Form style interface provides user interaction with forms and menu driven interface provides user interaction with list of options called as menus.

7. Backup and recovery: Most of the DBMS’s provide backup and recovery subsystems which creates automatically backup Of data from hardware and software failures and restores the data if required.

8. Data Independence: Data Independence keeps data separated from all programs that make use of it. In DBMS, database and application programs are separated from each other and we can easily change the database structure without modifying the application program.

9. Reduced Maintenance: It can be easily maintainable due to centralized nature of the system.

Disadvantages of DBMS
1. Cost of Data Conversion: When computer file based system replaced with database system, it must be converted to database file. It’s difficult to convert data file into database, so for this we have to take help of database designers along with application programmers and also we should take help of software which costs lot of money for developing the software.

2. Complexity: Database system creates additional complexity and requirements. DBMS is extremely complex piece of software. The operation of database system with sev, eral users and databases is quite costly and demanding.

3. Cost of Hardware and Software: To run DBMS software, we need high speed of data processor and large memory size and DBMS software also too
high.

4. Size: DBMS is large piece of software due to its complexity and breadth functionality. It occupies large space of disk and large memory to run the efficiently.

5. Cost of staff training: DBMS is complex database system which is required to train the users all levels including programming, application development etc for which organization has to pay lot of amount for training staff to run the DBMS.

6. Higher impact of failure: In most of the organizations, all data stored in a single database. Since all users and applications rely on the availability of the DBMS. If database is damaged due to electric failure or database corruption data may lost forever.

Question 3.
What is DBMS? What are the objectives of DBMS?
Answer:
Database management system has made a revolution in all the industries .that handles lots of data. All these organizations are making a huge profit just because of database management system. This is why because DBMS provides a lot benefits to all these companies and there are lots of objectives of using a database management system.

Objectives:
1) Mass Storage: DBMS can store a lot of data in it. So for all the big firms, DBMS is really the ideal technology to use.
It can store thousands of records in it and one can fetch all that data whenever it is needed.

2) Removes Duplicity: If you have lots of data then t 4ata duplicity will occur for sure at any instance. DBMS guarantt -e it that there will be no data duplicity among all the records. While storing new records, DBMS makes sure that same data was not inserted before.

3) Multiple Users Access: No one handles the whole database alone. There are lots of users who are able to access database. So this situation may happen that two or more users are accessing database. They can change whatever they want, at that time DBMS makes it sure that they can work concurrently.

4) Data Protection: Information such as bank details, employee’s salary details and sale purchase details should always be kept secured. Also all the companies need their data secured from unauthorized use. DBMS gives a master level security to their data. No one can alter or modify the information without the privilege of using that data.

5) Data Backup and recovery: Sometimes database failure occurs so there is no option like one can say that all the data has been lost. There should be a backup of database so that on database failure it can be recovered. DBMS has the ability to backup and recover all the data in database.

6) Everyone can work on DBMS: There is no need to be a master of programming language if you want to work on. DBMS. Any accountant who is having less technical knowledge can work on DBMS. All the definitions and descriptions are given in it so that even a non-technical background work person can work on it.

7) Integrity: Integrity means your data is authentic and consistent- DBMS has various validity checks that make your data completely accurate and consistence.

8) Platform Independent: One can run ubms at any platform. No particular platform is required to work on database management system.

Question 4.
Explain the functions of DBMS
Answer:
DBMS performs several important functions that guarantee the integrity and consistency of the data in the database. The most important functions of Database Management System are

1. Data Dictionary Management: Data Dictionary Management is the one of the most important function in database management system. DBMS stores definitions of the data elements and their relationships (metadata) in a data dictionary. So, all programs that access the data in the database work through the DBMS.

2. Data Storage Management: The DBMS creates and manages the complex structures required for data storage, thus relieving you from the difficult task of defining and programming the physical data characteristics. A modem DBMS system provides storage not only for the data, but also for related data entry forms or screen definitions, report definitions, data validation rules, procedural code, structures to handle video and picture formats, and so on.

3. Data transformation and presentation: The DBMS transforms entered data in to required data structures. The DBMS relieves you of the chore of making a distinction between the logical data format and the physical data format.
That is, the DBMS formats the physically retrieves \ data to make it conform to the user’s logical expectations.

4. Security Management: Security Management is another important function of DBMS. The DBMS creates a security system that enforces user security and data privacy. Security rules determine which users can access the database, which data items each user can access, and which data operations (read, add, delete, or modify) the user can perform. This is especially important in multiuser database systems.

5. Multi User Access Control: To provide data integrity and data consistency, the DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms to ensure that multiple users can access the database concurrently without compromising the integrity of the database.

6. Backup and Recovery Management: The DBMS provides backup and data recovery to ensure data safety and integrity. Current DBMS systems provide special utilities that allow the DBA to perform routine and special backup and restore procedures. Recovery management deals with the recovery of the database after a failure, such as a bad sector in the disk or a power failure. Such capability is critical to preserving the database’s integrity.

7. Data Integrity Management: Data integrity management is another important function of DBMS. The DBMS promotes and enforces integrity rules, thus minimizing data redundancy and maximizing data consistency. The data relationships stored in the data dictionary are used to enforce data integrity. Ensuring data integrity is especially important in transaction-oriented database systems.

8. Database Access Languages and Application Programming Interfaces: The DBMS provides data access through a query language. A query language is a non-procedural language—one that lets the user specify what must be done without having to specify how it is to be done. Structured Query Language (SQL) is the defacto query language and data access standard supported by the majority of DBMS vendors.

9. Database Communication Interfaces: Current- generation DBMSs accept end-user requests via multiple, different network environments. For example, the DBMS might provide access to the database via the Internet through the use of Web browsers such as Mozilla Firefox or Microsoft Internet Explorer.

Question 5.
Write about the evolution of Database Management Systems.
Answer:
A Database Management System allows a person to organize, store, and retrieve data from a computer. It is a way of communicating with a computer’s “stored memory.” In the I very early years of computers, “punch cards” were used for input, output, and Jata storage. Punch cards offered a fast way to enter data, and to retrieve it. Herman Hollerith is given credit for adapting the punch cards used for weaving looms to act as the memory for a mechanical tabulating machine, in 1890. Much later, databases came along.

Databases (or DBs) have played a very important part in the recent evolution of computers. The first computer programs were developed in the early 1950s, and focused almost completely on coding languages and algorithms. At the time, computers were basically giant calculators and data (names, phone numbers) was considered the leftovers of processing information. Computers were just starting to become commercially available, and when business people started using them for real-world purposes, this leftover data suddenly became important.

Enter the Database Management System (DBMS). A database, as a collection of information, can be organized so -a Database Management System can access and pull specific information. In 1960, Charles W. Bachman designed the Integrated Database System, the “first” DBMS. IBM, not wanting to be left out, created a database system of their own, known as IMS. Both database systems are described as the forerunners of navigational databases.

By the mid-1960s, as computers developed speed and flexibility, and started becoming popular, many kinds of general-use database systems became available. As a result, customers demanded a standard be developed, in turn leading to Bachman forming the Database Task Group. This group took responsibility for the design and standardization of a language called Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL). The Database Task Group presented this standard in 1971, which also came to be known as the “CODASYL approach.”

The CODASYL approach was a very complicated system and required substantial training. It depended on a “manual” navigation technique using a linked data set, which formed a large network. Searching for records could be accomplished by one of three techniques:

  • Using the primary key (also known as the CALC key)
  • Moving relationships (also called sets) to one record from another
  • Scanning all records in sequential order

Eventually, the CODASYL approach lost its popularity as simpler, easier-to-work-with systems came on the market.

Edgar Codd worked for IBM in the development of hard disk systems, and he was not happy with the lack of a search engine in the CODASYL approach, and the IMS model. He wrote a series of papers, in 1970, outlining novel ways to construct databases. His ideas eventually evolved into a paper titled, A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks, which described new method for storing data and processing large databases. Records would not be stored in a free-form list of linked records, as in CODASYL navigational model, but instead used a “table with fixed-length records.” IBM had invested heavily in the IMS model, and wasn’t terribly interested in Codd’s ideas. Fortunately, some people who didn’t work for IBM “were” interested. In 1973, Michael I Stonebraker and Eugene Wong (both then at UC Berkeley) made the decision to research relational database systems. The project was called INGRES (Interactive Graphics and Retrieval System), and successfully demonstrated a relational model could be efficient and practical. INGRES worked with a query language known as QUEL, in turn, pressuring IBM to develop SQL in 1974, which was more advanced (SQL became ANSI and OSI standards in 1986 lnd 1987). SQL quickly replaced QUEL as the more functional query language.

RDBM Systems were an efficient way to store and process structured data. Then, processing speeds got faster, and “unstructured” data (art, photographs, music, etc.) became much more common place. Unstructured data is both non-relational and schema-less, and Relational Database Management Systems simply were not designed to handle this kind of data.

Overview of Database Management System Long Answer Type Questions Part 1

by
Overview of Database Management System Long Answer Type Questions Part 1

Overview of Database Management System Long Answer Type Questions Part 1

Question 1.
Write about the Overview of DBMS.
Answer:
DBMS is a collection of programs that enables user to create and maintain a database. In other words, it is general-purpose software that provides the users with the processes of defining, constructing and manipulating the database for various applications.
The database management system provides ways to organize, store, retrieve and interact with the data in the database.

Components of Database System:
The database system can be divided into four components

  • Users: Users may be of various type such as DB administrator, System developer and End users.
  • Database application: Database application may be Personal, Departmental, Enterprise and Internal.
  • DBMS: Software that allow users to define, create and manages database access, Ex: MySql, Oracle etc.
  • Database: Collection of logical data.

Overview of Database Management System Long Answer Type Questions Part 1 1

Functions of DBMS:
1. Data Dictionary Management: Data Dictionary Management is one of the most important function in database management system. DBMS stores definitions of the data elements and their relationships (metadata) in a data dictionary. So, all programs that access the data in the database work through the DBMS.

2. Data Storage Management: The DBMS creates and manages the complex structures required for data storage, thus relieving user from the difficult task of defining and programming the physical data characteristics. A modem DBMS system provides storage not only for the data, but also for related data entry forms or screen definitions, report definitions, data validation rules, procedural code, structures to handle video and picture formats, and so on.

3. Data transformation and presentation: The DBMS transforms entered data in to required data structures. The DBMS relieves the chore of making a distinction between the logical data format and the physical data format. That is, the DBMS formats the physically retrieved data to make it conform to the user’s logical expectations.

4. Security Management: Security Management is another important function of DBMS. The DBMS creates a security system that enforces user security and data privacy. Security rules determine which users can access the database, which data items each user can access, and which data operations (read, add, delete, or modify) the user can perform. This is especially important in multiuser database systems.

Advantages of DBMS:
1. Controlling Data Redundancy: If a database have more than one records of same type then it is called data redundancy. In DBMS, all data is stored in one single database file and that recorded data is placed in the database.

2. Data Sharing: Data can be shared by authorized users of the organization among multiple users. Many users can be authorized to access the same data simultaneously. The remote users also can share the same data.

3. Enforcing Data Integrity: In database approach, data integrity is much easier. In database, data is stored in the tables. A single database contains multiple tables which is easy to retrieve and update the data.

4. Data Security: Data security is the protection of the database from unauthorized access. The DBMS ensures access of the database through authorized channel. To ensure security, DBMS provides security such as by giving user name and passwords.

5. Ease of application development: The programmer needs to develop applications according to user specification. The other issues such as data integrity, security etc are handled by DBMS itself which makes application development easier.

Disadvantages of DBMS
1. Cost of Data Conversion: When computer file based system replaced with database system, it must be converted to database file. It’s difficult to convert data file into database, so for this we have to take help of database designers along with application programmers and also we should take help of software which costs lot of money for developing the software.

2. Complexity: Database system creates additional complexity and requirements. DBMS is extremely complex piece of software. The operation of database system with several users and databases is quite costly and demanding.

3. Cost of Hardware and Software: To run DBMS software, we need high speed of data processor and large memory size and DBMS software also too high.

4. Cost of staff training: DBMS is complex database system which is required to train the users all levels including programming, application development etc for which organization has to pay lot of amount for training staff to run the DBMS.

5. Higher impact of failure: In most of organizations, all data stored in a single database. Since all users and applications rely on the availability of the DBMS. If the database is damaged due to electric failure or database corruption data may lost forever.

Question 2.
Define Data, Information, and Database. Explain the differences between the data and information.
Answer:
Data: Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner, which should be suitable for communication, interpretation, or Processing by humans or electronic machines.

Data is represented with the help of characters such as alphabets (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9) or special characters (+,- ,/,*,<,>,= etc.)

The term data is derived from Latin term ‘datum’ which refers to ‘something given’. The concept of data is connected with scientific research, which is collected by various Organizations, government departments, institutions and non-government agencies for a variety of reasons. There can be two types of data:
1) Primary Data:

  • Qualitative Data
  • Quantitative Data

2) Secondary Data:

  • Internal Data
  • External Data

Information: Information is organized or classified data, which has some meaningful values for the receiver. Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are based.

For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data must qualify for the following characteristics –

  1. Timely- Information should be available when required.
  2. Accuracy – Information should be accurate.
  3. Completeness – Information should be complete.

Information is needed to:
1. To gain knowledge about the surroundings, and whatever is happening in the society and universe.

2. To keep the system up to date.

3. To know about the rules and regulations and bye-laws of society, local government, provincial and central government, associations, clients etc. as ignorance is no bliss.

4. Based on above three, to arrive at a particular decision for planning current and prospective actions in process of forming, running and protecting a process or system.

Database: A collection of data designed to be used by different people is called a database. It is a collection of interrelated data stored together with controlled redundancy to serve one or more applications in an optimal fashion. The data are stored in such a fashion that they are independent of the programs of people using the data. A common and controlled approach is used in adding new data and modifying and retrieving existing data within the database.

Difference between Data and Information

Data Information
1. Raw facts gathered about a condition, event, idea, entity or anything else which is bare and random, is called data. 1. Information refers to facts concerning a particular event or subject, which are refined by processing.
2. Data are simple text and numbers 2. Information is processed and interpreted data.
3. Data is in an unorganized form, i.e. it is randomly collected facts and figures which are processed to draw conclusions. 3. When the data is organised, it becomes information, which presents data in a better way and gives meaning to it.
4. Data is based on observations and records, which are stored in computers or simply remembered by a person. 4. Information is considered more reliable than data, as a proper analysis is conducted to convert data into information by the researcher or investigator.
5. The data collected by the researcher, may or may not be useful to him, as when the data is gathered, it is not known what they are about or what they represent. 5. Information is valuable and useful to the researcher because it is presented in the given context and so readily available to the researcher for use.
6. Data is not always specific to the need of the researcher 6. Information is always specific to his requirements and expectations because all the irrelevant facts and figures are eliminated, during the transformation of data into information.
7. Data does not depend upon information 7. Information cannot exist with out data.

Question 3.
What is a database? Explain the Characteristics of Database.
Answer:
A collection of data designed to be used by different people is called a database. It is a collection of interrelated data stored together with controlled redundancy to serve one or more applications in an optimal fashion. The data are stored in such a fashion that they are independent of the programs of people using the data. A common and controlled approach is used in adding new data and modifying and retrieving existing data within the database.

Characteristics of Database:
1. It should be able to store all kinds of data that exist in this real world. Since we need to work with all kinds of data and requirements, the database should be strong enough to store all kinds of data that is present around us.

2. It should be able to relate the entities/tables in the database by means of relation, i.e.; any two tables should be related.

3. Data and application should be isolated. Because a database is a system that gives the platform to store the data, and the data is the one that allows the database to work. Hence there should be a clear differentiation between them.

4. There should not be any duplication of data in the database. Data should be stored in such a way that it should not be repeated in multiple tables.

5. DBMS has a strong query language. Once the database is designed, this helps the user to retrieve and manipulate the data. If a particular user wants to see any specific data, he can apply as many filtering conditions that he wants and pull the data that he needs-

6. Multiple users should be able to access the same database, without affecting the other user.

7. It supports multiple views to the user, depending on his role.

8. Database should also provide security, i.e.; when there are multiple users accessing the database, each user will have their own levels of rights to see die database. Some of them will be allowed to see the whole database, and some will have only) partial rights.

9. Database should also support ACID property. i.e.; while performing any transactions like insert, update and delete, the database makes sure that the real purpose of the data is not lost.

Question 4.
Define DBMS. What is the need and Characteristics of DBMS?
Answer:
DBMS is a collection of programs that enables user to create and maintain a database. In other words, it is general-purpose software that provides the users with the processes of defining, constructing, and manipulating the database for various applications.

The database management system provides ways to organize, store, retrieve and interact with the data in the database. It consists of:
1) A modeling language, used to define the database schema, or structure. Common database structures are hierarchical, network, relational and object-based. Models- differ in how they connect related information. The most widely used, particularly in Web applications, is the relational database model.

2) A database engine that manages the database structure and optimizes the storage of data, whether that is fields, records, files or objects, for a balance between quick retrieval and efficient use of space.

3) A database query language, such as SQL, enables developers to write programs that extract data from the database, present it to the user, and save and store changes.

4) A transaction mechanism that validates data entered against allowed types before storing it, and also ensures multiple users cannot update the same information simultaneously, potentially corrupting the data.
Overview of Database Management System Long Answer Type Questions Part 1 2

Procedures to provide data in the form required by applications. Applications need not know the physical organization of data –

Need for DBMS: Database systems are basically developed for large amounts of data. When dealing with huge amount of data, there are two things that require optimization: (a)Storage of data and (b) Retrieval of data.

Storage: According to the principles of database systems, the data is stored in such a way that it acquires lot less space as the redundant data (duplicate data) has been removed before storage.

Fast Retrieval of data: Along with storing the data in an optimized and systematic manner, it is also important that we retrieve the data quickly when needed. Database systems ensure that the data is retrieved as quickly as possible.

Characteristics of DBMS:

  1. It reduces complex relationships between data.
  2. Enforces user-defined rules and ensures data sharing.
  3. It provides different interfaces through which user can manipulate the data.
  4. An integrated database helps in understanding the relationship between data stored in different applications.
  5. It has automatic backup and recovery procedures.
  6. Provides a clear and logical view of the process that manipulates data.
  7. Changes made in the database schema should not affect the other levels.
  8. Controls data redundancy and control over security.
  9. It contains ACID properties which stand for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability which maintains data in a healthy state in case of failure.

Question 5.
What is DBMS? What are the Applications of DBMS?
Answer:
A database is a collection of interrelated data where data can be easily accessed, managed and updated. For example, consider the office department in school maintains details of the student such as the name of the student, age, address, class etc. These all records are related with students stored in a database.

A database management System is a collection of data and set of programs to access the data. It allows creation, definition and manipulation of databases. DBMS provides protection and security to the database. Some examples for popular dbms are MySQL, Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft Access, and IBM DB2.

Applications of DBMS:

  1. Banking: Banks uses a database for customer accounts, loans and other transactions.
  2. Airlines: Airlines uses an online database for reservation, arrival and departure of the planes, schedule information etc.
  3. Education: Schools, colleges and universities use a database for course details Registration, examination details Result etc.
  4. Credit card transactions: It is used to keep track of purchases on credit cards to generate statements.
  5. Telecommunications: The telecommunication department uses a database to store information about telephone numbers, details of calls, generating bills etc.
  6. E-commerce: It uses online databases for buying and selling of products, online transaction processing, internet marketing etc.
  7. Finance: It uses a database for storing information such as sales, stocks, bonds etc.
  8. Sales: it uses databases for storing product details, transactions and customer details.
  9. Human resources: Organizations use databases for storing information about employees, salaries, tax, salary checks etc.